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Francisco (Pancho) Villa (born José Doroteo Arango Arámbula; 5 June 1878 – 20 July 1923) was a Mexican Revolutionary general and one of the most prominent figures of the Mexican Revolution. As commander of the ''División del Norte'' (Division of the North) in the Constitutionalist Army, he was the veritable ''caudillo'' of the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. Given Chihuahua's size, mineral wealth, and proximity to the United States of America, it provided him with extensive resources. Villa was also provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914. Villa can be credited with decisive military victories leading to the ousting of Victoriano Huerta from the presidency in July 1914. Villa then fought his erstwhile leader in the coalition against Huerta, "First Chief" of the Constitutionalists Venustiano Carranza. Villa was in alliance with southern revolutionary Emiliano Zapata, who remained fighting in his own region of Morelos; however, the two revolutionary generals briefly came together to take Mexico City after Carranza's forces retreated from it. Later, Villa's heretofore undefeated División del Norte engaged the military forces of Carranza under Carrancista general Álvaro Obregón and was defeated in the 1915 Battle of Celaya. Villa's army then collapsed as a significant military force. Villa subsequently led a raid against the U.S.-Mexican border town of Columbus, New Mexico in 1916. The U.S. government sent U.S. Army General John J. Pershing to capture Villa in an unsuccessful nine-month incursion into Mexican sovereign territory that ended when the United States entered World War I and Pershing was called back. In 1920, Villa made an agreement with the Mexican government, following the ousting and death of Carranza, to retire from hostilities and was given a hacienda near Parral, Chihuahua, which he turned into a "military colony" for his former soldiers. In 1923, as presidential elections approached, he re-involved himself in Mexican politics. Shortly thereafter he was assassinated, most likely on the orders of Obregón. In life, Villa helped fashion his own image as an internationally known revolutionary hero, starring as himself in Hollywood films and giving interviews to foreign journalists, most notably John Reed.〔John Reed, ''Insurgent Mexico'' (). Reprint, New York: Simon & Schuster, Clarion Books 1969.〕 After his death, he was excluded from the pantheon of revolutionary heroes until the Sonoran generals Obregón and Calles, whom he battled during the Revolution, were gone from the political stage. Villa's exclusion from the official narrative of the Revolution might have contributed to his continued posthumous popular acclaim. He was celebrated during the Revolution and long afterward by corridos, movies about his life, and novels by prominent writers. In 1976, his remains were reburied in the Monument to the Revolution in Mexico City in a huge public ceremony not attended by his widow Luz Corral.〔Thomas Benjamin, ''La Revolución: Mexico's Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History''. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000, p. 134.〕〔Friedrich Katz, ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa''. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1998, 789.〕 ==Early Life Before the Revolution== Villa told a number of conflicting stories about his early life, and his "early life remains shrouded in mystery."〔Friedrich Katz, ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', Stanford: Stanford University Press 1998, p. 2〕 According to most sources, he was born on 5 June 1878, named at birth José Doroteo Arango Arámbula, the son of sharecropper father, Agustín Arango, and his wife, Micaela Arámbula, and grew up at the ''Rancho de la Coyotada'',〔Katz, Friedrich. ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', Stanford University Press, 1998.〕 one of the largest haciendas in the state of Durango; the family's residence now houses the Casa de Pancho Villa historic museum in San Juan del Rio. Later Doroteo claimed to be the son of the bandit Agustín Villa, but according to at least one scholar, "the identity of his real father is still unknown."〔Rubén Osorio, "Francisco (Pancho) Villa" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico'', Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1529〕 He wasthe oldest of five children. As a child, he received some education from a local church-run school, but was not proficient in more than basic literacy.〔Osorio, "Francisco (Pancho) Villa" p. 1529.〕〔 He quit school to help his mother after his father died. He became a bandit at some point early on, but also worked as a sharecropper, muleskinner (''arriero''), butcher, bricklayer, and foreman for a U.S. railway company.〔〔Osorio, "Francisco (Pancho) Villa", p. 1529.〕 According to his dictated remembrances, published as ''Memorias de Pancho Villa,''〔Martín Luis Guzmán, ''Memorias de Pancho Villa'', México: Botas, 1938. Villa's biographer Friedrich Katz discusses this text and how Guzmán shaped it for publication.〕 at the age of 16 he moved to Chihuahua but soon returned to Durango to track down and kill a hacienda owner named Agustín López Negrete, who had raped his sister, afterword stealing a horse and fleeing;〔to the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Durango, to he roamed the hills as a bandit;〔 however, the veracity of this story is questionable. Eventually, he did become a member of an outlaw band headed by Ignacio Parra, one of the most famous bandits in Durango at the time.〔McLynn, Frank. ''Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution'', Basic Books, 2000.〕 As a bandit he went by the name "Arango".〔 In 1902, the rurales, the crack rural police force of President Porfirio Díaz, arrested Arango for stealing mules and for assault. He was spared the death sentence sometimes imposed on captured bandits owing to his connections with the powerful Pablo Valenzuela, who had allegedly been a recipient of goods stolen by Villa. Villa was forcibly inducted into the Federal Army, a practice often adopted under the Diaz regime to deal with trouble-makers. Several months later he deserted and fled to the neighboring state of Chihuahua.〔 In 1903, after killing an army officer and stealing his horse,〔 he was no longer known as Arango but Francisco "Pancho" Villa〔 after his paternal grandfather, Jesús Villa.〔 However, others claim he appropriated the name from a bandit from Coahuila.〔Katz, ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', p. 824.〕 He was also known to his friends as ''La Cucaracha'' ("the cockroach").〔 Until 1910 Villa is said to have alternated episodes of banditry with more legitimate pursuits.〔 Villa's outlook on banditry would change after he met Abraham González,〔 the local representative for presidential candidate, Francisco Madero,〔 a rich hacendado turned politician from the northern state of Coahuila, who opposed the continued rule of Díaz; González convinced Villa that through his banditry he could fight for the people and hurt the hacienda owners.〔 At the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, Villa was thirty-two years old. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pancho Villa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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